La propuesta para el proyecto de este blogger consiste en que, con la participaciçon de los alumnos de I AM TI creen un grupo en esta red social disponible y comente sobre el tema "Uso responsable de ala materia y la energia", dando importancia al uso delas pilas como una fuente de energia limpia y funcionable. Sin embargo el lado contaminante y costoso de las pilas es en los metales que se utilizan y su modo de desecharlas.
Esperemos sus comentarios en Ingles sobre el tema. Los invito a participar y opinar
Gracias.
Titulo: Materia y energía ¨pilas¨
ResponderEliminarComposición:
Las pilas son generadores Portátiles que convierten la energía química en eléctrica. Por sus características químicas, pueden considerarse residuos nocivos con presencia de metales pesados.
Las pilas alcalinas, están compuestas por dióxido de manganeso y zinc, y las comunes por zinc y carbono.
Respecto a las micropilas, existen diferentes clases: las constituidas por zinc-aire, las alcalinas, las de óxido de plata, las de lítio y 1as óxido de mercurio, habiendo una larga lista de otros componentes.
Como se usan:
Se usan principal mente en aparatos que funcionen con pilas .
Como se desechan:
En cuanto al destino final de las pilas, no es posible hoy en el país, pensar en el reciclado, no quedando otra alternativa que el almacenamiento en condiciones controladas.
Para las pilas alcalinas, no existe tecnología de reciclado desarrollada. En cuanto a las pilas de mercurio, que sí es posible reciclar, el problema es que el proceso es tremendamente costoso.
A corto y mediano plazo, no se vislumbra otro método posible que sustituir los metales tóxicos por otros que no presenten peligros, pero las alternativas que hasta ahora se han manejado, no ofrecen una solución universalmente practicable.
Como contaminan:
Según estudios especializados, una micro pila de mercurio, puede llegar a contaminar 600.000 litros de agua, una de zinc-aire 12.000 litros, una de óxido de plata 14.000 litros y una pila común 3.000 litros.
Al descomponerse la capa protectora que las recubre, se liberan los metales que contienen, y allí se produce la contaminación.
Como contribuir? :
Realizar campañas para crear conciencia del daño que provocan
realizar centro de recolección de las pilas
fuente:
http://es.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080330191807AANR60K
http://www.mantra.com.ar/contecologia/composiciondelaspilas.html
http://elblogverde.com/
What to do with used batteries?
ResponderEliminarThe stack is an element that contain different metals in its composition, such as mercury in button cells, alkaline ... or cadmium rechargeable batteries are also disturbing other metals such as manganese, nickel and zinc. Therefore, although not all cells are equal and have the same hazard, any battery that has a high concentration of metals must be considered as hazardous waste.
The batteries provide us with the use of many of the equipment we need in our daily lives, but once sold out, if we discard the rest of the waste will end up in landfills or incinerators. In landfills, with the passage of time, batteries lose their housing and poured its contents, just contaminating groundwater and soil and thereby enters natural food chains, of which draws humans. In incineration plants, the resulting emissions will lead to volatile toxic elements, contaminating the air.
The batteries provide us with the use of many of the equipment we need in our daily lives, but once sold out, if we discard the rest of the waste will end up in landfills or incinerators. In landfills, with the passage of time, batteries lose their housing and poured its contents, just contaminating groundwater and soil and thereby enters natural food chains, of which draws humans. In incineration plants, the resulting emissions will lead to volatile toxic elements, contaminating the air.
www.elblogverde.com
TITULO: MATERIA Y ENERGÍA.
ResponderEliminarin our country are thrown away about 80 million batteries a year, very serious if we consider that each of them has a high concentration of highly toxic hazardous waste, which contaminates groundwater and soil, and placed in chains natural food.
What apparatus which we use in our daily lives does not use batteries? ... Almost none!. And it is no surprise that when the batteries run out, buy new ones ... It's that simple ... But what we do with old batteries? ... go directly to the trash. Therein lies the problem, as batteries are considered - by its contents -
Not all batteries are the same or are equally dangerous. Each has a high concentration of metals and therefore should be considered as an element of care. Each cell type has at least two metals in two ways: as pure metals and oxides.
The stack contains different metals in their composition, such as mercury but also other metals of concern, such as manganese, nickel and zinc.
We can not deny that the batteries provide us everyday, but once sold out, usually end up in garbage dumps or landfills, where they are exposed to uncontrolled fire and chemical reactions that affect ground water, soil and aire.Si the batteries are incinerated, the resulting fumes toxic elements lead to volatile, polluting the air.
The stack contains different metals in their composition, such as mercury but also other metals of concern, such as manganese, nickel and zinc.
We can not deny that the batteries provide us everyday, but once sold out, usually end up in garbage dumps or landfills, where they are exposed to uncontrolled fire and chemical reactions that affect ground water, soil and aire.Si the batteries are incinerated, the resulting fumes toxic elements lead to volatile, polluting the air. What can happen - for example - with the mercury present in the composition of the batteries? Notes ...
Mercury also has the possibility of moving to a volatile form and distributed widely, increasing the risks involved
http://www.familia.cl/naturaleza/pilas/pilas.htm
good night.
ResponderEliminarWhat are the batteries?
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electricity through a chemical process transition, after which it goes out of business and have to renew their constituents, since these features are altered during treatment. It is a primary generator.
What is its composition?
Alkaline batteries are composed of manganese dioxide and zinc, and common for zinc and carbon.
Regarding the micro batteries, there are different types: those formed by zinc-air, alkaline, silver oxide, lithium-1as the mercury oxide, having a long list of other components.
As used batteries?
Remove batteries from equipment that are installed,
immediately after notice flaws in its normal
operation. If the equipment used is two or more cells, where they
be spent always replace the set. Not collected in a single package
or mix in the same equipment, batteries with new ones.
Do not attempt to recharge the batteries, unless they are clearly
labeled as rechargeable (rechargeable).
Keep batteries in a cool, dry area away from flame
open or heat.
When a device that uses batteries will be idle for
extended periods, remove batteries from it. That
can prevent damage to the device from an eventual
spill.
Store batteries in a dry place at normal temperature.
Do not refrigerate. Extreme temperatures reduce the
performance. For the same reason, avoid putting artifacts
battery-operated, in areas very hot.
As you discarded batteries?
As a precaution, the way you dispose of spent batteries is:
1 .- We will have to seal the two battery terminals with tape as used by painters.
2 .- We will have to deposit them in plastic soda bottles, closing the lid well once it is full of batteries.
3 .- When are well filled, please return and file it expressly places that have been placed in different parts of the city, and if they have not, we call upon the municipality to put them. We hope that each mayor put the proper container to store the batteries.
4 .- The practical use could be given is that the builders of roads, used here, where insulated between layers of concrete and asphalt.
Fuente:
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_(electricidad)
thanks you.
GOOD MORNING STUDENTS:
ResponderEliminarNOW THE NEXT TEME ECOLOGY. YOUR TEXTS ARE VERY GOOD, CONGRATULATIONS.
What is its composition of the batteries?
ResponderEliminarAlkaline batteries are composed of manganese dioxide and zinc, and common for zinc and carbon.
Regarding the micro batteries, there are different types: those formed by zinc-air, alkaline, silver oxide, lithium-1as the mercury oxide, having a long list of other components.
As used batteries?
Remove batteries from equipment that are installed,
immediately after notice flaws in its normal
operation. If the equipment used is two or more cells, where they
be spent always replace the set. Not collected in a single package
or mix in the same equipment, batteries with new ones.
Do not attempt to recharge the batteries, unless they are clearly
labeled as rechargeable (rechargeable).
Keep batteries in a cool, dry area away from flame
open or heat.
When a device that uses batteries will be idle for
extended periods, remove batteries from it. That
can prevent damage to the device from an eventual
spill.
Store batteries in a dry place at normal temperature.
Do not refrigerate. Extreme temperatures reduce the
performance. For the same reason, avoid putting artifacts
battery-operated, in areas very hot.
As you discarded batteries?
•We will have to seal the two battery terminals with tape as used by painters.
•We will have to deposit them in plastic soda bottles, closing the lid well once it is full of batteries.
•When are well filled, please return and file it expressly places that have been placed in different parts of the city, and if they have not, we call upon the municipality to put them. We hope that each mayor put the proper container to store the batteries.
Fuente:
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_(electricidad)
good evening master
ResponderEliminarmatter and energy battery
Laptop batteries are generators that convert chemical energy into electricity. Their chemical characteristics, can be considered harmful residues in the presence of heavy metals.
Alkaline batteries are composed of manganese dioxide and zinc, and common for zinc and carbon.
Regarding the micro batteries, different types: those formed by zinc-air, alkaline, silver oxide, lithium and 1as the mercury oxide, having a long list of other components.
Alkaline batteries can be disposed of with household waste. Due to concerns about mercury in municipal waste, Duracell has voluntarily eliminated all mercury-added alkaline batteries have since 1993-at the same time ensuring the performance you demand. Our alkaline batteries are composed primarily of common metals - steel, zinc, and manganese, and present no hazard or health or the environment during normal use or disposal.
It is important not to dispose of large quantities of alkaline batteries at once. Generally, batteries are not completely "dead." Grouping used batteries can cause the battery "hot" come into contact with one another, creating safety hazards.
Recycling processes of alkaline batteries and insurance cost to the environment are not yet universally available. Duracell is the leader in this industry to develop sound recycling options. Some communities offer recycling or collecting alkaline batteries - contact your local government for disposal practices in your area.
Lithium, Lithium Ion, Nickel Metal & Zinc Air Batteries
Alkaline batteries can be disposed of with household waste. Contact your local government for disposal practices in your area.
Packaging
Duracell container can be disposed with household waste or can be recycled. Duracell uses non-toxic inks on their packaging and paper part of our packaging is made from 55% recycled materials. The plastic is made from 30% recycled materials.
Este comentario ha sido eliminado por el autor.
ResponderEliminarEste comentario ha sido eliminado por el autor.
ResponderEliminarindustrial waste
ResponderEliminarAcid factory floors.
Treatments.
Wastes from the manufacture of acids, are extremely polluting, and therefore should be treated before they can throw into water courses. There are several important points, however, the pH of this waste is what should be monitored more closely and to see that this value is in the range of 6.0 to 9.0.
The main method of treatment that takes place at these effluents is the neutralization. Gehm describes his method of neutralizing acid waste, which consists of a bed of limestone, which treats waste above 10,000 ppm mineral acid in a bed capable of receiving 0.1 mgd of waste. On the other hand we also found Shugart method, a process that uses limestone for neutralization automatically.
Spray-burning methods and indirect combustion:
Spray-burning: This method involves spreading the waste acid in a combustion chamber at high temperature (1700-2000 ° F) with small amounts of excess air to oxidize hydrocarbons. The sulphate is converted into SO2 and hydrocarbons into CO2 and H2O, the gases are cooled and dried, and SO2 is retrievable for later use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid again.
Indirect combustion: The main reaction of this method is the reduction of excess sulfuric acid in the sludge by some hydrocarbons that may be present or can be added.
Method bed of limestone:
This method is applicable to the case of a plant not only produces sulfuric acid, but also others such as hydrochloric, nitric and more ..
It consists of a bed of limestone to neutralize acid unit that is used in the neutralization of a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids (commonly) in different concentrations. The waste should be diluted to reach a concentration of one percent and are then passed through this bed of limestone up to three feet long in amounts of 20 to 30 gallons per minute per square foot of area of the bed. The drawback is that it should initially have a pH value to be around 4.6 to 4.9.
These last three methods are used primarily by companies that not only oil but also produce acid, salts, etc.. These methods are very general
Name:Emilio Luvian Olivares
Semestre:4-
Grupo:AMTI
The pollution is the introduction of a pollutant inside a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, hurt or discomfort in an ecosystem, in the physical way or in a being it live 1 The pollutant can be a chemical substance, energy (as sound, heat, or light), or enclosedly genes. Sometimes the pollutant is a strange substance, forms a of energy, or a natural substance. When it is a natural substance, it is called a pollutant if it exceeds the natural normal levels.
ResponderEliminarIt is always a negative alteration of the natural condition of the way, and in general, is generated as consequence of the human activity.
The pollution can be classified according to the type of source wherefrom it comes, which are: punctual sources (isolated and easy to identify) and not punctual sources (dispersed and difficult to be located).
With the problems which we face nowadays, problems of political, economic, social type and up to sports, we leave of side one with which we have more nearby contact, the problem of the pollution, a problem that we create and increase of gradual form every da
JOSE ARMANDO SANTES SANTIAGO
4 AM-TI
I believe that it is it
ResponderEliminarNuclear fission
ResponderEliminarIn nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei), often producing free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays). The two nuclei produced are most often of comparable size, typically with a mass ratio around 3:2 for common fissile isotopes.[1][2] Most fissions are binary fissions, but occasionally (2 to 4 times per 1000 events), three positively-charged fragments are produced in a ternary fission. The smallest of these ranges in size from a proton to an argon nucleus.
Fission is usually an energetic nuclear reaction induced by a neutron, although it is occasionally seen as a form of spontaneous radioactive decay, especially in very high-mass-number isotopes. The unpredictable composition of the products (which vary in a broad probabilistic and somewhat chaotic manner) distinguishes fission from purely quantum-tunnelling processes such as proton emission, alpha decay and cluster decay, which give the same products every time.
Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments (heating the bulk material where fission takes place). In order for fission to produce energy, the total binding energy of the resulting elements must be less than that of the starting element. Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments are not the same element as the original atom.
Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclear power and to drive the explosion of nuclear weapons. Both uses are possible because certain substances called nuclear fuels undergo fission when struck by fission neutrons, and in turn emit neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining chain reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon.
The amount of free energy contained in nuclear fuel is millions of times the amount of free energy contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel such as gasoline, making nuclear fission a very tempting source of energy. The products of nuclear fission, however, are on average far more radioactive than the heavy elements which are normally fissioned as fuel, and remain so for significant amounts of time, giving rise to a nuclear waste problem. Concerns over nuclear waste accumulation and over the destructive potential of nuclear weapons may counterbalance the desirable qualities of fission as an energy source, and give rise to ongoing political debate over nuclear power.
Octavio Augusto
4 AMTI CBTA 274
Sabeeee!
ResponderEliminarTemperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. In most temperate coniferous forests, evergreen conifers predominate, while some are a mix of conifers and broadleaf evergreen trees and/or broadleaf deciduous trees. Temperate evergreen forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or mountain areas. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including cedar, cypress, douglas-fir, fir, juniper, kauri, pine, podocarpus, spruce, redwood and yew. The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species.
ResponderEliminarStructurally, these forests are rather simple, generally consisting of two layers: an overstory and understory. Some forests may support an intermediate layer of shrubs. Pine forests support an herbaceous understory that is generally dominated by grasses and herbaceous perennials, and are often subject to ecologically important wildfires.
only in seven regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest, the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America, the rain forests of New Zealand and Tasmania, northwest Europe (small pockets in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Iceland and a somewhat larger area in Norway), southern Japan, and the eastern Black Sea-Caspian Sea region of Turkey and Georgia to northern Iran. The moist conditions of temperate rain forests generally support an understory of mosses, ferns and some shrubs. Temperate rain forests can be temperate coniferous forests or temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.
The temperate coniferous rain forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions, including Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantea), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis), Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) and Kauri (Agathis australis). These forests are quite rare, occurring in small areas of North America, southwestern South America and northern New Zealand. The Klamath-Siskiyou forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon is known for its rich variety of plant and animal species, including many endemic species.
NAYELY GUADALUPE RODRIGUEZ TURRUBIATES
4AMTI CBTA 274
Global warming has become perhaps the most complicated issue facing world leaders. On the one hand, warnings from the scientific community are becoming louder, as an increasing body of science points to rising dangers from the ongoing buildup of human-related greenhouse gases — produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and forests. On the other, the technological, economic and political issues that have to be resolved before a concerted worldwide effort to reduce emissions can begin have gotten no simpler, particularly in the face of a global economic slowdown.
ResponderEliminarGlobal talks on climate change opened in Cancún, Mexico, in late 2010 with the toughest issues unresolved, and the conference produced modest agreements. But while the measures adopted in Cancún are likely to have scant near-term impact on the warming of the planet, the international process for dealing with the issue got a significant vote of confidence.
The agreement fell well short of the broad changes scientists say are needed to avoid dangerous climate change in coming decades. But it laid the groundwork for stronger measures in the future, if nations are able to overcome the emotional arguments that have crippled climate change negotiations in recent years. The package, known as the Cancún Agreements, gives the more than 190 countries participating in the conference another year to decide whether to extend the frayed Kyoto Protocol, the 1997 agreement that requires most wealthy nations to trim their emissions while providing assistance to developing countries to pursue a cleaner energy future.
At the heart of the international debate is a momentous tussle between rich and poor countries over who steps up first and who pays most for changed energy menus.
In the United States, on Jan. 2, 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency imposed its first regulations related to greenhouse gas emissions. The immediate effect on utilities, refiners and major manufacturers will be small, with the new rules applying only to those planning to build large new facilities or make major modifications to existing plants. Over the next decade, however, the agency plans to regulate virtually all sources of greenhouse gases, imposing efficiency and emissions requirements on nearly every industry and every region.
President Obama vowed as a candidate that he would put the United States on a path to addressing climate change by reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas pollutants. He offered Congress wide latitude to pass climate change legislation, but held in reserve the threat of E.P.A. regulation if it failed to act. The deeply polarized Senate’s refusal to enact climate change legislation essentially called his bluff.
But working through the E.P.A. has guaranteed a clash between the administration and Republicans that carries substantial risks for both sides. The administration is on notice that if it moves too far and too fast in trying to curtail the ubiquitous gases that are heating the planet it risks a Congressional backlash that could set back the effort for years. But the newly muscular Republicans in Congress could also stumble by moving too aggressively to handcuff the Environmental Protection Agency, provoking a popular outcry that they are endangering public health in the service of their well-heeled patrons in industry.
KARMINA GUADALUPE GARZA LOPEZ
4AMTI CBTA 274
PERLA KARINA CRUZ
ResponderEliminar4AMTI CBTa 274
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Although pollution had been known to exist for a very long time (at least since people started using fire thousands of years ago), it had seen the growth of truly global proportions only since the onset of the industrial revolution during the 19th century.
Technological progress facilitated by super efficiency of capitalist business practices (division of labour – cheaper production costs – overproduction – overconsumption – overpollution) had probably become one of the main causes of serious deterioration of natural resources.
At the same time, of course, development of natural sciences led to the better understanding of negative effects produced by pollution on the environment.
Environmental pollution is a problem both in developed and developing countries. Factors such as population growth and urbanization invariably place greater demands on the planet and stretch the use of natural resources to the maximum.
It has been argued that the carrying capacity of Earth is significantly smaller than the demands placed on it by large numbers of human populations. And overuse of natural resources often results in nature’s degradation.
matter and energy are the essence of life without it no life would be like everything would be different.
ResponderEliminarpeople have no idea how hurtful the irresponsible use of these resources and damaging to the planet and its people, a cause is the use of batteries, it is good to use them but it would also be nice to know how to get rid of them, because most people do not know, and this causes damage to the land that we all ..
and the best tip i can give to all the person that love the planet is.... take care about the planet.
with love: maribel juarez rocha 4amti
In the big cities, the pollution of the air owes as a result of the gas leaks of the internal combustion engines, to the domestic devices of the heating, to the industries - that it is liberated in the atmosphere, already it is like gases, steams or solid particles capable of being kept in suspension, with values superior to the normal ones, they harm the life and the health, so much of the being I humanize like of animals and plants.This cap (the atmosphere) absorbs the major quantity of solar radiation and due to this there takes place the filtration of all the ultraviolet beams.
ResponderEliminarThe increase of carbonic anhydride in the atmosphere owes to itself to the combustion of the coal and of the oil, which leads to an overheating of the air and of the seas, with which a chemical imbalance takes place in the biosphere, producing a high quantity of carbon monoxide, extremely toxic for the alive beings.The air pollution comes fundamentally from the industrial pollution by combustion, and the principal reasons are the generation of electricity and the car. Also there are other toxic substances that contaminate the atmosphere as the lead and the mercury. It is important that the inhabitants of the big cities are aware that the ecological environment is a primary need. It should legislate on the substances that can go to the atmosphere and the concentration that must not excel.The contaminated air affects us in our diary to live, demonstrating of different forms in our organism, as the irritation of the eyes and disorders in the conjunctive membranes, irritation in the respiratory tract, aggravation of the diseases roughly pulmonary, etc.
There exist diverse manners of avoiding the pollution of the air, namely:
* Use of fuels adapted for the domestic and industrial heating.
* To use chimneys with tirajes or filters in conditions to fulfill his functions.
* To support the vehicles motorized in good conditions.
* Not to burn leaves or garbages, etc
alumna: sara edith alonso carrillo 4to AMTI
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
ResponderEliminarThe geographical location of Mexico, along with its variety of climates, topography and geological history, has resulted in one of the most impressive biological richness worldwide. This is evident through the large diversity of plant communities present within its continental and insular territory, ranging from alpine zones to coastal dunes and wetlands, comprising xerophilous shrublands, temperate forests, tropical rainforests, mountain cloud forests and natural grasslands.
Ecosystems in general, and terrestrial ecosystems in particular, have supported human populations since early times: these have supplied multiple goods, including food (meat, fruits, vegetables and spices), timber for construction, wood, paper and fibers for fabrics, among many others. Additionally, these supply environmental services like air and water purification, soil generation and conservation, waste breakdown, nutrient recycling and transfer, protection of littorals against wave erosion, partial climate stabilization and buffering against extreme climates and their impact, just to mention some of the major contributions.
However, the huge global population growth during the twentieth century, along with an unprecedented industrial and urban development, brought about the most significant transformation of terrestrial ecosystems ever recorded by man. Extensive ecosystem areas were either disrupted or converted into cropland and cattle-raising grasslands; others were cleared to develop towns and cities, build roads, electricity power infrastructure and water reservoirs. The magnitude of these changes has been estimated to reach levels between 33 and 50% of the world terrestrial area (Vitousek et al., 1997).
Mexico has been no exception in this process of terrestrial ecosystem degradation and loss. A significant proportion of the country’s area has been transformed into agriculture land, grasslands and urban and rural areas. Some ecosystems that previously comprised extensive areas of the country have been reduced today to small remnants keeping the original characteristics plus broad areas of degraded land. This chapter describes the current status of Mexico’s terrestrial ecosystems, focusing specifically on the processes and factors that have led to their transformation in recent decades. Additionally, a section is included that addresses the use of these ecosystems, mostly as to the exploitation of timber and non-timber products. The final section deals with the government responses aimed at preserving the remaining plant cover, as well as those focused on the recovery and sustainable use of natural resources present in the country’s terrestrial ecosystems.
JESUS AVALOS SANDOVAL 4 amti CBTA 274....
...PROVETY...
ResponderEliminarIn 2002, half the population in Mexico was living in poverty and one fifth was living in extreme poverty. At the national level, in 2002 the rates for access to electricity, water and sanitation were 98, 90 and 80 percent, respectively.
Between 2000 y 2002, access to electricity increased from 63 to 90 percent in the population living in extreme poverty in rural areas. Access to drinking water increased from 38 to 58 percent, while access to sanitation services increased only from 22 to 26 percent. While almost 70 percent of the moderate poor have their own house, only 5 percent indicated that they were paying for their house, which is an indicator of the predominantly self-financed purchase and construction process.
The crisis of 1994-1995 was a setback for Mexico: between 1996 and 2002, extreme poverty decreased by 17 percentage points to 20 percent, only one percentage point below the level prior to the 1994 crisis.
The decreases in extreme poverty at the rural and national levels are statistically significant; the decrease in urban poverty is not statistically significant. Only between 4 and 9 percent still live on less than one dollar a day, a level close to that found in some of the world's poorest countries.
Inequality in Mexico has tended to be counter-cyclical: it was reduced by the 1994-1995 crisis, but increased with the 1996-2000 recovery and was then reduced by the 2000-2003 stagnation. After having reached the already very high Latin American average, Mexico fell slightly under the average in 2002.
About one quarter of those living in extreme poverty in Mexico reside in urban areas in the states in the center of the country.
While total spending increased on average by 6.3 percent a year between 2000 and 2002, social development spending increased on average by 5.3 percent a year and poverty reduction spending increased by 14.2 percent annually. Overall, the growth in social spending since the mid-1990s was achieved despite fiscal constraints.
Spending on programs specifically targeted to the poor now represents 1.3 percent of GDP, compared with 0.7 percent in 1990. Programs involving transfers to the poor, spearheaded by OPORTUNIDADES (formerly PROGRESA) have since their creation grown by 8.4 percent a year on average during the 1990s and by still more (9.8 percent) since 2000.
ALMA YESENIA REYNA SALAZAR 4AMTI CBTA 274
cesar albrto Marquez Bautista
ResponderEliminar4AMTI
The environmental deterioration brought about by the contamination the contamination is a serious problem for all the countries of the world. The fast urban and industrial growth has caused enormous potentially injurious residual remainders that have been dumped and diluted in the atmosphere, the water or grounds, having hoped that you would be biodegradasen naturally. As the purifying character of natural means is limited, the result has been that the contamination has affected the health of many people, has produced damages generalized in the vegetation, in the fauna or in mediambiente.3 During good part of century XX, the contamination was perceived by the population like a specific problem of smoke, soot or sulfurous anhydride that were the residues of the domestic heatings, industrial plants or of energy. The gigantic impact that produced the development of the derivatives of oil, especially the gasoline vehicles, introduced all a series of new polluting agents. Also the growth of the industry, and in particular of chemistry, has generated many new chemical substances toxic. The development of the nuclear power and the tests of atomic armament have shown the ionizing radiation like important contaminante.3 On 1960, the polluting agents were only considered like a local problem, of proximity, due to sources of concrete emission of contamination, located. Serious and short episodes of contamination produced by special atmospheric conditions in urban zones or by accidental escapes of some polluting agent caused laws and directed actions to resist the contamination local.3 Later demonstrated that the polluting agents had caused damages in very distant places. The transport of composed of sulphur and nitrogen by the atmosphere to great distances generates the increase of the acidity of precipitations (acid rain) and when it was known it triggered an international problem of contaminación.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN WATER
ResponderEliminarWith regard to this issue analyze the damage caused directly by the company CELCO the X Region of our country. To thereby realize that many companies are actually causing irreparable damage to our environment and we are doing to change this reality as a society, we are really prepared to face these natural disasters and make our authorities, knowing that there are governmental entity to control. However, there are countless companies that are eliminating their chemical waste into rivers, lakes, lagoons which go into the sea, as all these empty while there is contaminating one of the most important in the world which is the "water."
It is for this reason that we have the obligation to enforce the rights, laws that have been created to meet them and more so if it is of direct benefit to us as a society, because if you do not take care of our water could be suffering from a shortage of the most important natural assets for human survival and the preservation of our flora and fauna.
"The problem of industrial waste. The number of industries that discharge waste into domestic sewage systems has increased dramatically over the past 20 to 30 years. It is rethinking the validity of the general practice of combining industrial waste (pretreated or pretreated partially) with household waste due to the toxic effects that often lead to industrial waste, even when their presence is given in very low concentrations. Looking ahead, many municipalities are studying the possibility of treating both types of discharge separately, or require more advanced treatment of industrial effluents before discharge to the domestic water collectors in order to be harmless, ". (Metcalf and Eddy 1995:6)
ismael osorio martinez 4 amti cbta 274
Effects of pollution on nature
ResponderEliminarAdverse air quality can kill organisms, including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain and nasal congestion. The pollution causes many diseases and these depend on the pollutant that causes, usually are diseases of the eyes and respiratory tract like bronchitis, asthma and emphysema, as well as frequent colds that cause the greatest number of absences from work and schools.
Water pollution causes approximately 14 000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians lack access to adequate sanitation, 1 000 Indian children die of diarrhea every días.36 About 500 million Chinese lack access to water potable.37 656 000 people die prematurely each year China air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527 700 deaths each año.38 Studies have estimated about 50 000 deaths in the U.S. for pollution aire.39
Oil spills can cause skin irritation and efflorescence. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, hypertension, stress, and sleep disturbance. The mercury poisoning has been associated with developmental disorders in children and neurological symptoms. Older people is more exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at greater risk. Children and babies are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to produce neurological problems. The chemicals and radioactivity can cause cancer and birth defects.
Name: fernando rivera puga jordi
group: 4 AMTI
First, let me express my gratitude
ResponderEliminarfor the efforts and sacrifices
Spain has made in Afghanistan. I
believe Spain is committed to the
mission in Afghanistan for the
same reason we and our other
NATO allies are: to ensure the
security of your country and to
protect the Spanish people from
attacks by al Qaeda and its
affiliates by denying them safe
haven in Afghanistan. Spain
knows firsthand the anguish and
sorrow of senseless terrorist
attacks. Al Qaeda remains the
number one terrorist threat to
Europe at this time, and al
Qaeda leaders have continued to
broadcast their intention to
attack Europe and America.
NATO remains committed to the
Afghanistan mission. Our joint
commitment to helping
Afghanistan become stable and
secure is of vital importance to
U.S. and European security.
Together with our international
partners, including Spain, the
United States is focused on
defeating al Qaeda and its
extremist allies, and helping the
Afghan National Security Forces
increase their capacity so that
they can assume responsibility
for securing the Afghan people
against external and internal
threats. This effort is going to
take time and our commitment
to Afghanistan and the Afghan
people is for the long-term. We
cannot turn our backs on the
Afghan people as before.
NATO's long-term goal of
shifting toward a supporting role
in Afghanistan is fully shared by
the Afghan government.
President Karzai has publicly
stated the goal of Afghan forces
taking the lead in security across
Afghanistan by the end of 2014.
At this Summit, we expect allies
and partners to reinforce their
enduring commitment to
facilitating a sustainable
transition process by announcing
commitments of additional
trainers and mentors for the
Afghan National Security Forces,
and by underscoring their long-
term support to Afghanistan via
a new NATO-Afghanistan
Partnership Declaration.
This article is about the scalar physical quantity. For other uses, see Energy (disambiguation).
ResponderEliminarLightning is the electric breakdown of air by strong electric fields, which produce a force on charges. When these charges move through a distance, a flow of energy occurs. The electric potential energy in the atmosphere then is transformed into thermal energy, light, and sound, which are other forms of energy.
In physics, energy (Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation"[1]) is an indirectly observed quantity. It is often understood as the ability a physical system has to do work on other physical systems.[2][3] Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert pulls or pushes against the basic forces of nature, along a path of a certain length.
The total energy contained in an object is identified with its mass, and energy (like mass), cannot be created or destroyed. When matter (ordinary material particles) is changed into energy (such as energy of motion, or into radiation), the mass of the system does not change through the transformation process. However, there may be mechanistic limits as to how much of the matter in an object may be changed into other types of energy and thus into work, on other systems. Energy, like mass, is a scalar physical quantity. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in many fields other units, such as kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, are customary. All of these units translate to units of work, which is always defined in terms of forces and the distances that the forces act through.
A system can transfer energy to another system by simply transferring matter to it (since matter is equivalent to energy, in accordance with its mass). However, when energy is transferred by means other than matter-transfer, the transfer produces changes in the second system, as a result of work done on it. This work manifests itself as the effect of force(s) applied through distances within the target system. For example, a system can emit energy to another by transferring (radiating) electromagnetic energy, but this creates forces upon the particles that absorb the radiation. Similarly, a system may transfer energy to another by physically impacting it, but that case the energy of motion in an object, called kinetic energy, results in forces acting over distances (new energy) to appear in another object that is struck. Transfer of thermal energy by heat occurs by both of these mechanisms: heat can be transferred by electromagnetic radiation, or by physical contact in which direct particle-particle impacts transfer kinetic energy.
Energy may be stored in systems without being present as matter, or as kinetic or electromagnetic energy. Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with (requiring a force to do so), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the field—a configuration that must be "held" or fixed by a different type of force (otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position).atte raul
Biodiversity
ResponderEliminarFlora The flora of Barandabhar forest is dominated mainly by sal forest and partly by riverine, tall grassland and short grassland. The percentage of vegetation of Chitwan Valley consists of (70%) sal forest (a moist deciduous type), grassland (20%), Riverine forest (7%) and sal with Chir Pine (3%). (Majupuria 1998). The latter type of vegetation is not present in Barandabhar forest.
a)Sal forest: Sal forest is dominated by sal (Shorea robusta) and the associated species with sal are Semecarpus anacardium, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia tomentosa. A large number of other tress, shrubs, creepers, ferns, flowers and grasses grow among or under the sal.
b)Riverine forest: Riverine forests grow along watercourses and their composition varies greatly from place to place. Common species of riverine forest are simal (Bombax ceiba), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), and Bhellar (Trewia nudiflora) and in the lower canopy Clerodendrum viscosum, Zizyphus mauritiana are present.
c)Tall grassland: The alluvial flood plains support a luxuriant growth of grasses interspersed with patches of riverine forest. These tall and dense stands of grasses are popularly called 'elephant grass'. Tall grassland is dominated by kans (Saccharum spontaneum), and distributed along the Rapti and Budhi Rapti riverside.
d)Short grassland: Barandabhar forest is very important for short grassland, which is mainly dominated by Siru (Imperata sps.). It is the most important grass for human beings called as Siru Khar in Nepali, which is used by local people for thatching.
Fauna Sal forest dominated Barandabhar forest contains 22 species of mammals including tiger, rhinoceros, Asian elephant, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar deer, spotted deer, hog deer, barking deer and 280 species of birds including giant hornbill, hill myna, and storks. It is a critical habitat for many species of migratory birds (e.g., Siberian crane), aquatic birds, and mugger crocodile. More than 45 species of herpeto fauna represented by frog, toad, lizards, python and crocodile are found in Barandabhar Corridor Forest (Resource Himalaya 2000 and KMTNC 2002).
Ungulates Among the six orders of ungulates, 3 orders are distributed in Nepal, which include Artiodactyla (deers and bovines), perissodactyla (horses and rhinoceros) and proboscidea (elephant) (Majupuria, 1998). Among the ungulate species found in Barandabhar Corridor Forest, rhinoceros and wild elephant are listed on APPENDIX I (threatened with extinction) of CITES, Endangered on the IUCN Red List of 1996 and protected by HMG/Nepal under schedule 1 (section 10) of the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2029 (HMGN 1973), but other 5 species are in common category.
The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
ResponderEliminarWithin American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or "liberal". The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.
The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. All previous presidents were men of solely European descent. The 2010 midterm elections saw the Republican Party take control of the House and make gains in the Senate, where the Democrats retain the majority. In the 112th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 51 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 47 Republicans; the House comprises 242 Republicans and 193 Democrats. There are 29 Republican and 20 Democratic state governors, as well as one independent.
The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
ResponderEliminarWithin American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or "liberal". The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.
The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. All previous presidents were men of solely European descent. The 2010 midterm elections saw the Republican Party take control of the House and make gains in the Senate, where the Democrats retain the majority. In the 112th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 51 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 47 Republicans; the House comprises 242 Republicans and 193 Democrats. There are 29 Republican and 20 Democratic state governors, as well as one independent.
Este comentario ha sido eliminado por el autor.
ResponderEliminarEste comentario ha sido eliminado por el autor.
ResponderEliminar